Executive Function, Autism, ADHD and Procrastination - A review by Dr Kaleem Baig

Have you ever wondered why some people struggle to plan their day, control their emotions, or switch between tasks easily? The answer might lie in a set of mental skills called executive functions. In this blog post, we'll explore how executive functions work and how they can be affected in different mental health conditions. We will also look at the common challenge of procrastination and some helpful strategies. Whether you're living with one of these conditions or caring for someone who is, understanding executive function can help you navigate daily challenges more effectively. Please note that we have used the term “Disorder” as this is how different mental health conditions are noted in a standardised diagnostic framework, though we would have preferred the term “condition”.

What is Executive Function?

Executive function is like the CEO of your brain. It's a set of mental skills that help you:

1. Plan and organise tasks
2. Focus your attention
3. Remember instructions
4. Juggle multiple tasks
5. Control impulses
6. Regulate emotions

These skills are crucial for managing daily life, from simple tasks like making breakfast to complex ones like planning a project at work.

How Executive Function Differs Across Different Conditions

While many mental health conditions can affect executive function, the way it's impacted can vary. Let's look at how executive function presents in different disorders:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

People with ADHD often struggle with:

• Inhibitory control: Difficulty stopping impulsive actions or thoughts
• Working memory: Trouble keeping information in mind while using it
• Sustained attention: Ability to continue to keep focus on a task

These difficulties can lead to symptoms like impulsivity, disorganisation, and trouble focusing on tasks.

2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Individuals with ASD may experience:

• Cognitive flexibility: Difficulty adapting to changes in routine or expectations
• Task initiation and switching: Also referred to as autistic inertia. An autistic person finds it difficult to initiate a task despite a clear plan. The transition from one task to another can be overwhelming. Once engaged in an activity, there is a state of hyperfocus, making it difficult to stop and disengage.
• Problem-solving: Trouble finding alternative solutions when faced with obstacles

These executive function challenges can contribute to the preference for routine and difficulty with social interactions often seen in ASD.

3. Mood Disorders (Depression and Bipolar Disorder)

In mood disorders, executive function can be affected in ways such as:

• Cognitive flexibility: Rigid thinking patterns, especially in depression
• Motivation: Difficulty initiating and following through on tasks
• Decision-making: Challenges in weighing options and making choices

These issues can persist even when mood symptoms improve, affecting daily functioning and quality of life.

4. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

People with BPD often experience:

• Emotional regulation: Difficulty managing intense emotions
• Impulse control: Challenges in resisting urges, especially in emotional situations
• Cognitive flexibility: Trouble adapting thoughts and behaviours, particularly under stress

These executive function difficulties are closely tied to the emotional instability characteristic of BPD.

5. Anxiety Disorders

In anxiety disorders, executive function can be impacted through:

• Attentional control: Difficulty focusing, especially with worry and intrusive thoughts
• Cognitive flexibility: Challenges in shifting attention away from perceived threats
• Working memory: Reduced capacity due to mental resources being used for worry

These issues often become more pronounced in anxiety-provoking situations.

Overlapping Challenges and Unique Differences

While each condition has its unique profile, there are some common threads:

• Inhibitory control is often affected in ADHD, BPD, and mood disorders, though in different ways.
• Cognitive flexibility challenges are seen across ASD, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.
• Working memory difficulties are common in ADHD, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.

However, the context and severity of these challenges can differ. For example:

• In ADHD, inhibitory control issues might lead to blurting out answers in class.
• In BPD, similar issues might result in emotional outbursts during conflicts.
• In anxiety disorders, cognitive inflexibility might manifest as difficulty disengaging from worry.

What is Procrastination?

We've all been there - that important task looming over us, yet we find ourselves scrolling through social media or reorganising our sock drawer instead. Procrastination is a common behaviour that affects many of us, but for individuals with certain conditions, it can be a particularly challenging issue. In this part of the blog, we will explore how procrastination manifests in autism, ADHD, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders, and offer some insights for both patients and carers.

Before we dive in, let's define procrastination. It's the act of delaying or postponing tasks, often despite knowing that there might be negative consequences. It's not just about being lazy - procrastination can be a complex behaviour influenced by various factors, including our thoughts, emotions, and the way our brains work.

Procrastination in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

For individuals with autism, procrastination often stems from specific cognitive and sensory challenges:

1. Executive Function Struggles: Many autistic individuals find it hard to plan, start tasks, or switch between activities. This can make it challenging to initiate work, especially on tasks that are unstructured or require shifting focus.
2. Perfectionism and Rigid Thinking: Autism often comes with a tendency towards perfectionism. The fear of not doing something perfectly can lead to putting it off altogether. Additionally, rigid thinking patterns might make it difficult to approach tasks that don't fit into established routines.
3. Sensory Sensitivities: Tasks that involve overwhelming sensory experiences (like loud noises or bright lights) might be delayed or avoided.
4. Social Communication Challenges: Activities requiring social interaction might be particularly prone to procrastination due to the anxiety they can provoke.

Procrastination in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

For those with ADHD, procrastination is often linked to difficulties with focus, impulsivity, and time management:

1. Impulsivity and Poor Time Management: People with ADHD might struggle to resist immediate rewards in favour of long-term goals. They may also underestimate how long tasks will take.
2. Difficulty with Task Initiation and Sustained Attention: Starting tasks and maintaining focus can be major hurdles. This is especially true for tasks that are repetitive or require extended mental effort.
3. Working Memory Challenges: Difficulties in holding and manipulating information can make it hard to remember to start tasks or follow through with the steps needed to complete them.
4. Hyperfocus on Non-Priority Tasks: Paradoxically, some individuals with ADHD may become intensely focused on less important but more engaging tasks, leading to procrastination on essential responsibilities.

Procrastination in Mood Disorders

In conditions like depression and bipolar disorder, procrastination is often tied to emotional and motivational factors:

1. Low Motivation and Energy: Depression can zap motivation and energy, making even simple tasks feel overwhelming.
2. Negative Thinking Patterns: Thoughts like "I can't do this" or "I'm not good enough" can lead to avoidance behaviours.
3. Emotional Ups and Downs: In bipolar disorder, procrastination patterns might change with mood states. During depressive episodes, lack of energy might lead to putting things off, while during manic episodes, distractibility might cause delays.
4. Executive Function Difficulties: Similar to ADHD, mood disorders can affect the ability to plan, organise, and complete tasks.

Procrastination in Anxiety Disorders

For those with anxiety disorders, procrastination is often driven by fear and avoidance:

1. Fear of Failure and Perfectionism: The fear of not doing something perfectly or making mistakes can lead to avoiding tasks altogether.
2. Avoidance of Anxiety-Provoking Situations: Procrastination might be a way to cope with anxiety-inducing tasks or situations.
3. Overthinking and Indecision: Excessive worry can lead to difficulty making decisions, causing delays in taking action.
4. Concentration Difficulties: Anxiety can disrupt focus, making it harder to start and complete tasks.

Understanding the Differences and Similarities

While procrastination looks different across these conditions, there are some common threads:

• Executive Function Challenges: Across all these conditions, difficulties with planning, organising, and managing tasks can contribute to procrastination.
• Perfectionism: This shows up in both anxiety disorders and autism, although often for different reasons.
• Avoidance: In both anxiety and mood disorders, procrastination can be a way of avoiding uncomfortable feelings or situations.

Strategies to Support With Executive Function and Procrastination

Understanding executive function challenges in your specific case can be empowering:

1. Personalised Strategies: Knowing your specific executive function challenges can help you develop targeted coping strategies.
2. Improved Communication: This knowledge can help you better explain your struggles to others, including healthcare providers.
3. Realistic Expectations: Understanding that executive function difficulties are part of your condition can help reduce self-blame and frustration.
4. Compassion: For carers, understanding these differences can foster patience and empathy.

What Can Help with Procrastination?

While the specific strategies might vary depending on the underlying condition, here are some general tips that might help manage procrastination:

1. Break Tasks Down: Large tasks can feel overwhelming. Try breaking them into smaller, more manageable steps.
2. Create Structure: Having a clear routine or schedule can help, especially for those with ADHD or autism.
3. Use Visual Aids: Calendars, to-do lists, or apps can help with organisation and remembering tasks.
4. Practice Self-Compassion: Remember, procrastination isn't a character flaw. Be kind to yourself as you work on managing it.
5. Seek Support: Whether it's from family, friends, or mental health professionals, don't hesitate to ask for help when you need it.
6. Address Underlying Issues: Working with a mental health professional to manage anxiety, depression, or other symptoms can indirectly help with procrastination.
7. Create a Conducive Environment: Minimise distractions and set up your space in a way that supports focus and task completion.

Remember, everyone procrastinates sometimes. If you're dealing with one of these conditions and struggling with procrastination, you're not alone, and it's not your fault. Understanding why you might be procrastinating is the first step towards finding strategies that work for you.

For carers, patience and understanding are key. Recognise that your loved one isn't choosing to procrastinate out of laziness or a lack of care. Instead, focus on providing support and encouragement, and celebrate small victories along the way.

Procrastination might be a challenge, but with understanding, support, and the right strategies, it's one that can be managed. Whether you're dealing with procrastination yourself or supporting someone who is, remember that progress, not perfection, is the goal. While executive function challenges can be frustrating, they're not a reflection of intelligence or willpower. With the right support and strategies, many people find ways to work with their unique executive function profile and lead fulfilling lives.

If you're struggling with executive function, don't hesitate to reach out to a qualified mental health professional with skills in diagnostic assessment, especially in the context of possible neurodiversity. They can provide a proper diagnosis and guide you towards effective treatments and coping strategies.

References

1. Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2012). Validity of the executive function theory of ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336-1346.

• This study provides a comprehensive review of executive function deficits in ADHD, highlighting issues with inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility that contribute to procrastination.

2. Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2019). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research, 170(2-3), 177-182.

• This longitudinal study demonstrates the persistence of executive function deficits in ADHD, including task initiation and completion difficulties, which relate to procrastination behaviours.

3. Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of executive function. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 1-16.

• This meta-analysis reviews EF deficits in ASD, particularly focusing on cognitive flexibility and planning difficulties that can lead to procrastination.

4. Geurts, H. M., Verte, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2014). How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 836-854.

• The study compares EF deficits in ADHD and ASD, noting specific areas like task initiation and cognitive flexibility, which are associated with procrastination.

5. Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: A meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81-132.

• This meta-analysis explores EF impairments in major depressive disorder, particularly cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control deficits, which contribute to procrastination.

6. Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Schroeder, J., & Yolken, R. (2018). Additive effects of anxiety and bipolar disorder on executive function. Bipolar Disorders, 20(5), 488-494.

• This study examines EF impairments in bipolar disorder and the impact of comorbid anxiety on cognitive control, relating these deficits to procrastination.

7. Ruocco, A. C. (2005). The neuropsychology of borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis and review. Psychiatry Research, 137(3), 191-202.

• The review discusses EF deficits in BPD, particularly in emotional inhibition and cognitive control, which are linked to procrastination.

8. Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955-960.

• This article discusses attentional control theory and its relevance to anxiety disorders, including how attentional biases and cognitive overload contribute to procrastination.

9. Moran, T. P. (2016). Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 831-864.

• This meta-analysis explores the relationship between anxiety and working memory, highlighting how anxiety-related attentional biases can lead to procrastination.

10. Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012). Moderators of working memory deficits in children with ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 605-617.

• This study reviews the working memory deficits in children with ADHD, noting how these deficits can moderate procrastination behaviours.

11. Hill, E. L. (2004). Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism. Developmental Review, 24(2), 189-233.

• This paper evaluates executive dysfunction theories in autism, focusing on cognitive flexibility and planning deficits that contribute to procrastination.

12. Robinson, L. J., Thompson, J. M., Gallagher, P., Goswami, U., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., & Moore, P. B. (2006). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93(1-3), 105-115.

• This meta-analysis examines cognitive deficits, including executive function impairments, in euthymic bipolar disorder patients, discussing their impact on procrastination.